2] Cleaning Data: To remove a column ‘col’ in a dataframe ‘data’ using null, the command is:

data$col <- NULL

How to apply hash strings (a series of unreadable text) to replace important data e.g. full names. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/openssl/vignettes/crypto_hashing.html

3] For Loops:

The code I discussed

For (i in 1:10){

commands to be written here in a series of lines

}

4] Vectorisation: The explanation of apply (and related commands like ‘lapply’) I used is here https://www.guru99.com/r-apply-sapply-tapply.html